Comparing Kate Chopin A Pair of Silk Stockings and The Story of an Hour Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The shopping spree that followed was entirely centered on her as she purchased the stockings, new shoes, a very expensive lunch and admission to the theater. Sommers makes out to go back home, after an enjoyable day that was entirely focused on her, the man in charge of the cable car wished nothing more than to keep her with him forever. The story ends there, leaving much to the imagination about the fate of Mrs. Sommers, though it can be assumed that she simply made her way back home and tended to her family as she normally would, except that she would be feeling happier. The Story of an Hour, written in 1894, tells about the steady downfall of the already sick Mrs. Mallard upon finding out that her husband has died in a train accident. As she sits before her bedroom window, mourning the life that once was, Mrs. Mallard begins to feel something coming at her, something that she recognizes as the chance to live out the rest of her life completely dedicated to herself. She was beginn ing to look forward to a long, happy life in which she was the sole focus. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Kate Chopin A Pair of Silk Stockings and The Story of an Hour or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The story ends with the death of Mrs. Mallard, again with Chopin not providing the reader with further happenings. Though the two stories involve different incidences and events, they are very similar in how they play out. In Silk Stockings, Mrs. Sommers finds herself with a little extra money, with which she wants to buy new clothes for her children.

Utilitarianism Utilitarianism And Philosophical Ideas

Mill begins his book on Utilitarianism by laying out some basic ethical and philosophical ideas. From what I have read in his book I believe that Utilitarianism can be defined as the idea that humans should make decisions based on the ability to promote the most happiness to them. Another way to say it would be that Utilitarianism states that a good decision is what brings the most happiness to the most people. Mill based his utilitarian theory on the decisions that people make. He says the decisions people make should always benefit the most people as much as possible no matter what the consequences might be. Mill says that we should balance the outcomes and make our decisions based on the outcome that is in the interest of the majority of the people. This leads to him stating that pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decision or actions. Mill believes that human beings have the ability for conscious thought, and they are not satisfied with physical pleasures, but they will try to achieve pleasure of the mind as well. He claims that people seek pleasure and reject pain. I will point out some problems that Mill has with this theory and use examples to express my stance. There are several moral problems that Mill ran into with his theory. One of the first conflicts I noticed was that actions are right to create happiness, but wrong if they sometimes tend to produce unhappiness. A soldier moving a wounded comrade out of the line of fire could be seen as theShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1372 Words   |  6 PagesAct Utilitarianism is a long standing and well supported philosophical argument that when boiled down to its most basic elements, can be described as creating â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number† (122). Such was the sentiment of John Stuart Mill, one of act utilitarianism’s (also known as just utilitarianism) greatest pioneers, and promoters. Mills believed that his theory of always acting in a way that achieved the greatest net happiness was both superior to other philosophical theories andRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas Analysis1266 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism is a philosoph ical theory centered around the idea that righteousness of one’s actions can only be determined by the goodness or badness of the consequences (Smart, 2006). The short story The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas provides an account of a fictional utopia built upon the suffering of a single child, and is often used to explore the ideas of Utilitarianism. The story probes the idea of Utilitarianism and sheds light on both positive and negative implications. The author begsRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Ethical Approach1709 Words   |  7 PagesUTILITARIANISM AND ITS ETHICAL APPROACH Of the topics discussed, one that most caught my attention is the philosophical current of utilitarianism. Indeed, among currents ethical thinking that has had greatest impact in recent times is utilitarianism. A school of thought that holds that the good is useful, that is to say, in this ethical doctrine is postulated that the morally good lies in the legitimate aspiration to wellness. In the field of ethics, this doctrine is determined by a ratio of utilityRead MoreThe Death Of An Oncoming Train Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhat do you do? What is the right thing to do here? Is it right to let one person die to save five others? Who are you to decide who lives or dies? That simple but stressful analogy is referred to as the â€Å"trolley problem† (Munroe). It is a philosophical thought experiment focused on ethics, morality and the relative ethics of choice. When faced with this moral dilemma, many people often struggle to answer when faced with that reality. In reality, it’s hard to blame them. What option could be consideredRead MoreMill s Utilitarianism : Utilitarianism1251 Words   |  6 PagesMill’s Utilitarianism For centuries philosophers have attempted to explain morals, creating ideas that break this ethical system down into basic components. English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, was a large contributor to the idea of utilitarianism. Although Mill’s utilitarianism provides a strong argument for explaining morality, it is not a bulletproof theory. J.S. Mill’s Principle of utility, also known as the greatest happiness principle, is an ethical philosophy that looks at the developmentRead MoreThe Moral Aspects Of Utilitarianism1619 Words   |  7 PagesSir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams greatly influenced philosophical ethics through several studies on the moral aspects of Utilitarianism. His complex thinking and theories, along with his unique approach, gave him a great amount of recognition towards other theorists in his field. He expressed the majority of his beliefs through his writings in which he stressed his critiques of Utilitarianism and Kantianism and emphasized the importance of moral rational. His study of both external and internal reasoningRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Utilitarianism Theory909 Words   |  4 Pages In the history of philosophy Utilitarianism has been viewed as one of the best of the moral theories. It has become one the most powerful, influential, and most persuasive approach to normative ethic s. The utilitarianism theory also has had a major impacts on approaches to economic, political, and social policy. The utilitarianism theory had originally had been created by Jeremy Bentham. His version of was that aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. HoweverRead MoreUtilitarianism And Immanuel Kant1213 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant’s philosophical writings have influenced people all throughout the world. Centuries later, his works still form a major point of reference in studies carried out in the modern world. His writings have brought a new dimension in religion, law and history. Among his many works was the Metaphysics of Morals which is the subject of this paper. His view of morals is that our desires and emotions are categorically imperative, meaning that they are conscience driven. His philosophy is closelyRead MoreCharles Dickens Utilitarianism Analysis996 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism and Charles Dickens - The Ana lysis of Impact of Utilitarianism in Hard Times towards Humanity The utilitarianism, is one of the ethical theory genres which greatly affects the western and even world’s development of philosophy. Its originality can be traced back to ancient Greece Democritus and Epicurean Hedonism theory. Jeremy Bentham is considered to be the founder of the utilitarianism theory during the latter half through 18th century in England. Based on the theory of utilitarianismRead MoreIs It Feasible To Find A Method Which We Can Use To Evaluate1632 Words   |  7 Pagesrelativism is the idea that moral rights and wrongs change based on the culture that you are immersed in. In other words, what is considered to be morally right in one culture may be considered to be morally wrong in another culture. The challenge is devising a method which can be a universal standard. By analyzing some of the greatest views created by philosophers, we can attempt to find if there is a universal moral standard or if cultural relativism is the answer to this philosophical issue. One

Calculus Free Essays

How the calculus was invented? Calculus, historically known as infinitesimal calculus, is a mathematical discipline focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. Ideas leading up to the notions of function, derivative, and integral were developed throughout the 17th century, but the decisive step was made by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Publication of Newton’s main treatises took many years, whereas Leibniz published first (Nova methodus, 1684) and the whole subject was subsequently marred by a priority dispute between the two inventors of calculus. We will write a custom essay sample on Calculus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greek mathematicians are credited with a significant use of infinitesimals. Democritus is the first person recorded to consider seriously the division of objects into an infinite number of cross-sections, but his inability to rationalize discrete cross-sections with a cone’s smooth slope prevented him from accepting the idea. At approximately the same time, Elea discredited infinitesimals further by his articulation of the paradoxes which they create. Antiphon and later Eudoxus are generally credited with implementing the method of exhaustion, which made it possible to compute the area and volume of regions and solids by breaking them up into an infinite number of recognizable shapes. Archimedes of Syracuse developed this method further, while also inventing heuristic methods which resemble modern day concepts somewhat. (See Archimedes’ Quadrature of the Parabola, The Method, Archimedes on Spheres Cylinders. ) It should not be thought that infinitesimals were put on a rigorous footing during this time, however. Only when it was supplemented by a proper geometric proof would Greek mathematicians accept a proposition as true. It was not until the time of Newton that these methods were incorporated into a general framework of integral calculus. Archimedes was the first to find the tangent to a curve, other than a circle, in a method akin to differential calculus. While studying the spiral, he separated a point’s motion into two components, one radial motion component and one circular motion component, and then continued to add the two component motions together, thereby finding the tangent to the curve. The pioneers of the calculus such as Isaac Barrow and Johann Bernoulli were diligent students of Archimedes; see for instance C. S. Roero (1983). Before Newton and Leibniz, the word â€Å"calculus† was a general term used to refer to anybody of mathematics, but in the following years, â€Å"calculus† became a popular term for a field of mathematics based upon their insights. The purpose of this section is to examine Newton and Leibniz’s investigations into the developing field of infinitesimal calculus. Specific importance will be put on the justification and descriptive terms which they used in an attempt to understand calculus as they themselves conceived it. By the middle of the seventeenth century, European mathematics had changed its primary repository of knowledge. In comparison to the last century which maintained Hellenistic mathematics as the starting point for research, Newton, Leibniz and their contemporaries increasingly looked towards the works of more modern thinkers. Europe had become home to a burgeoning mathematical community and with the advent of enhanced institutional and organizational bases a new level of organization and academic integration was being achieved. Importantly, however, the community lacked formalism; instead it consisted of a disordered mass of various methods, techniques, notations, theories, and paradoxes. Newton came to calculus as part of his investigations in physics and geometry. He viewed calculus as the scientific description of the generation of motion and magnitudes. In comparison, Leibniz focused on the tangent problem and came to believe that calculus was a metaphysical explanation of change. Importantly, the core of their insight was the formalization of the inverse properties between the integral and the differential. This insight had been anticipated by their predecessors, but they were the first to conceive calculus as a system in which new rhetoric and descriptive terms were created. Their unique discoveries lay not only in their imagination, but also in their ability to synthesize the insights around them into a universal algorithmic process, thereby forming a new mathematical system. How to cite Calculus, Papers Calculus Free Essays This is a take-home exam. You may consult different sources of information including but not limited to class notes, homework and/or textbook. You may also collaborate with your classmates but you must write your own solutions. We will write a custom essay sample on Calculus or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is fairly obvious when a student is Just copying the work from an external source; if I deem a solution has just been copied I may give you a warning for Academic Dishonesty (ADD for short). Solutions to some of these problems are available elsewhere, if you happen to come cross one of them you should make your best effort to understand it, then write your own using your ideas and understanding of the topics. Question: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total Points: 25 20 200 Score: Please do not answer the questions in the limited space provided; use scratch paper and attach it to this cover page. Name: Signature: Page 1 of 6 Please go on to the next page†¦ Questions (10 puts) 1. I. Use Roller’s theorem to prove that f x ex. root . 013 xx 2 has at most one real Hint: If has two roots (say a and b) then FAA Feb. O. What does Roller’s theorem say in this situation? (1 5 puts) it. Let f be continuous on a, and differentiable on a, b . Show that there exists c a, b such that the tangent at c, FCC is parallel to the secant through a, FAA and b, Feb. . In other words, show that FAA Equation (1) is known as the Mean Value Theorem formula. Hint: Apply Roller’s theore m on a, to the function G x Feb. FAA Feb. Keep in mind that a, FAA , b and Feb. are constants. 2. True or false. (5 puts) I. Iffy O, f is neither concave up nor concave down around x a. I. It. If is continuous on a, b and c iii. If f is continuous but not necessarily differentiable on O, then the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum off exist. V. If f is differentiable on a, b then it is also continuous on a, b and the absolute maximum and absolute minimum exist. V. If x a corresponds to an inflection point off , then f ii a around x a. A, b is a local maximizes then fix O. O and f ii x changes sign 3. Henry is pulling on a rope that passes through a pulley on a MM t pole and is attached to a wagon. Assume that the rope is attached to a loop on the wagon 2 Ft off the ground. Let x be the distance between the loop and the pole (see figure 1). (10 puts) I. Find a formula for the speed of the wagon in terms of x and the rate at which Henry lulls the rope. We say that x a is a root (or is a zero) off x , if FAA O. We say thatch is a local maximizes if f c is a local maximum. Page 2 of 6 Henry Figure 1: Henry pulling the wagon from problem 3. 10 puts) it. Find the speed of the wagon when it is 12 Ft from the pole, assuming that Henry pulls the rope at a rate of 1. 5 Ft sec. (25 puts) 4. Olav Adagio -a former student of mine- was asked to sketch the graph of a function. Unfortunately Olav often forgets things. Luckily for you, he wrote down some statements. Regarding the function f x , he wrote: * It is only defined on , and it is continuous. * It is strictly positive, except at x 2 and x O where its value is zero. *f 2 2, f 3 1, and f 4 1. 1 when x O. Regarding if x , he wrote: XSL * On the interval (-2, 1) it exists only at those points where g x is well defined. Moreover, it is positive when g is positive; negative when g is negative; and zero when g is zero. * On the interval (1,2) it is identically equal to zero. * On the interval (2,4) it is negative. Lastly, regarding f ii x , he wrote: * On (-2, 1) it exists whenever h x signs on this interval. Is well defined. They also have opposite On (2,4) it changes sign from negative to positive at x 3. Help Olav sketch the graph off . Make sure to clearly identify the local and global extreme as well as the inflection points. 5. A piece of wire 24 CM long is given to you. You can choose to either cut it into two pieces or leave it the way it is. If you decide to cut it, one piece must be bent into the Page 3 of 6 shape of a square, while the remaining one must be bent into the shape of a circle. If you decide not to cut it, you can bend it into either shape. (5 puts) I. Denoting by x the length of the piece of the wire that will be bent into the shape of circle, obtain an expression for the area enclosed by the wire. Make sure that the formula works regardless of whether or not the wire is bent into one or two pieces. (20 puts) it. Find the maximum area that can be enclosed by the wire. Explain how this area can be obtained by specifying the dimensions (ii. , length of sides and/or radius) of the objects to be constructed. The following facts might come in handy: If a square has perimeter. How to cite Calculus, Papers

Strategic Business Plan for a New Venture in a Consultancy Sector

Question: Discuss the strategic business plan for a new venture in a consultancy sector? Answer: Introduction Cambridge Group is the new company that offers high level of expertise knowledge and services in the development of local market, channel development, marketing strategy, market identification and development, as well as distribution strategy for every kind of products and services (Bygrave and Timmons 1991). It will basically focus over the offering and satisfying various types of markets: 1. Offering market research to the domestic customers by viewing the developing business in order to enhance the competitive markets (Bygrave and Timmons 1991). 2. Offering services of market research towards overseas investors that are looking to invest in the domestic market. As the business grows it will hire more employees and consulting job in the associated markets (Bygrave and Timmons 1991). It will also view the additional leverage through setting up the relationships as well as representations with global organizations of market research. Cambridge group is the Private Limited Company. The total stat up expenses and capital includes the stationary, legal cost; design of logo and other related expenses that make the budget of around is 150,000. Start-up assets include vehicles, office equipment, personal computers, as well as office furniture (Bygrave and Timmons 1991). Company Mission Cambridge Group provides quality information, reliable clients, development of market, development of channel, as well as business proposal development that will increase the business (Delmar and Shane 2003). The company also provides the in-house resources and provides high level of know-how, practical experiences, confidentiality as well as contacts. At Cambridge group, they offer comprehensive solutions related to the issues of clients, which will foster over the development of business (Delmar and Shane 2003). It is important that customers should understand that working at Cambridge group is professional, as well as less risk way towards developing the new areas. Cambridge group does not maintain the financial balances, and try to charge for the realistic value of the services through providing the high value to the customers (Delmar and Shane 2003). The basic focus is towards development of local market. The mission of the company is to endeavor towards understanding the busine ss of customers and to provide the comprehensive solutions of the issues (Delmar and Shane 2003). Internal Analysis SWOT Analysis Cambridge group is working in the highly lucrative market. The company tries to foresee the strength of the company as the ability to respond towards market dictates and also try to offer market research services for custom design to the clients (Bird and Jelinek 1988). Along with this, by the help of aggressive marketing and management of quality, the company intends to become leader n the particular industry. The main personnel of the company also hold the knowledge about the local and global markets that could penetrate the market (Bird and Jelinek 1988). However, the company tries to acknowledge the facts, which key companies are aware about the real significance of the marketing and market research and contribute towards entire business strategy (Bird and Jelinek 1988). Strength The strength of the company lies in its market segmentation as well as implementation strategies (Bracker and Pearson 1986). The company also strength in diversified market segments, which tries to ensure about the lack of dependency in specific market. The company also combines the skills towards directorship, in which directors should intend towards joining for developing the strategy for business and long term plans that hold huge experience in market as well as produce know-how and even build strong financial management (Bracker and Pearson 1986). The company also set up and maintains the well known business, and takes aggressive and focuses campaign of marketing. The marketing plan of the company also has clear strategy and goal (Bracker and Pearson 1986). Weaknesses The Cambridge group weakness lies in the solid well designed network of the market research area of the company (Bracker and Pearson 1986). Through the introduction of new practices of the company that has previously work to present the challenge to the company. Cambridge group also tries to set up internet in order to produce the technological issues (Bracker and Pearson 1986). Opportunities Cambridge group holds the opportunity in specific niche that includes appreciation of high quality and appropriate information (Castrogiovanni 1996). Through the introduction of the global financial services, it tries to present huge opportunity in both the local and global companies by looking over the information that might assist in entering the respective markets (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). The present growth of the economy as compared to other economies might also present with an opportunity for enhancing the foreign investors in the market (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). The present drive towards attaining localization is caused by enhancing the local individuals for investing as well as starting the business. The new generation of corporations, business owners, and professionals has also appreciated towards the requirement of relevant planning as well as information (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). The company also has the opportunity in the field of internet marke ting and sales. Cambridge group can also enhance the number of overseas firms in order to penetrate the local markets (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). The company can also take financial assistance that is offered through the government over the business plan credibility. However the outcome of the review of policy analysis requirements need to be consider as it might scrapped or either replace the new scheme (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). The company also has the opportunity towards existence of well set up government organs, which could directly deal with the all the aspiring entrepreneurs, both in the local and global markets and also present the network opportunity (Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2002). Threats The current growth of the economy might result through the enhanced market of business consultants that could lead towards increasing the competition and even confusing the clients (Morwitz 2001). This competition could even try to emerge through various sources like, setting up the huge market of consultant for developing the new lines and integrating in total for controlling the services needs through the client. The company also faces threat from the new marketing strategy and tactics through setting up the company (Pettit and Singer 1985). The company also faces threat from existing competition. The present plethora related to the business Consultancy Company also exists, and the company also faces threat from the other start-ups that also collect through the nationwide healthy economic growth (Pettit and Singer 1985). The company also faces threat from existence of well set up government companies, which directly deal with aspiring entrepreneurs, both in the overseas and domesti c market (Pettit and Singer 1985). External Environment PESTLE Analysis Political It includes political stability condition that defines the new liberalization in the policy of economy that could support the company in flourishing the international market. Government owned firms has decided over consultancy projects companies (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Economic It includes fluctuation in currency, and prices of real estate. Reduction in real estate cost has also resulted into the decrease of rental expenses. Constant appreciation and depreciation in the value of rupee has created adverse effect over the export and import. Social The social factors includes the language spoken by the people are English, which is also a acceptable in education system (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Therefore, this also boosts the country in terms of education. There are many universities and institutions in the country that provide technological education. Technological factors also include working population. Along with various languages, English is the most valid language for communication in corporate. It is noted that literacy rate has also increased (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Technological The growth of technology has also offered the huge opportunities for conducting research and development, and innovation in the quality along with cheap technology (Busenitz and Barney 1997). There is an ample growth in the area of consultancy business, which also includes global customers more accessible (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Legal A huge debate is conducted over the bond surrounding in which staff members are needed to work that is not required legally (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Environmental The process and equipment of energy efficient includes the organizations that keep their focus over the water consumption, footprints of carbon, as well as utilization of energy (Busenitz and Barney 1997). Porters Five Forces Model Threat of Substitutes- Various offshore locations like China, Europe as well as Philippines are emerging market that create threat for the IT industry, due to cost benefits (Gumpert and Stancill 1986). However, it is noted that there is an impact in the long run. The quoted price for all the projects could create key differentiator in the product quality (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Bargaining power of customers- It includes huge IT companies for the projects that result into the high project competition. It has also face the huge reduction in expenditure in IT projects. The IT sector in India relies over the USA for the specific majority f revenue and through the current financial crisis (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Rivalries- Competition increasing in It sector is intense. Other companies such as HP, Dell, and cognizant provides the commoditization of the technological products. These products also provide undifferentiated cost, which could lure the various customers (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Bargaining power of suppliers- These is reduced demand for technological professionals due to the crisis in economy (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). This kind of financial trauma has impacted the international technological outlook. There are many freshers as well as experience people, who are looking for a job (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Barriers to entry- it includes ramping multinational companies capacity as well as strength of the employees. It also includes low capital need, as well as huge value chain for the enterprises (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Threat of New Entrants- It includes supports of government and emerging organizations. It includes low capital investment as well as implications due to the value chain for the enterprises of SME (Carswell and Gunaratne 2005). Strategic Analysis and Choice Cambridge group strategies emphasize over focus, and considered it as the key of success (Rowe and Wright 2001). Cambridge must focus over the specific services with the specific type of users. Initially Cambridge Group will stress over the domestic market and in the field of market findings and research. Target customers will also cover about the main decision makers in all the large, small, and medium sized organizations in the startup as well as in growth time (Rowe and Wright 2001). The company is presently building the image and trying to create the awareness by distinctiveness and consistency in the provision of service (Rowe and Wright 2001). The company also tries to focus over delivering quality service and towards end products that in turn tries to produce the referrals of goods that could generate revenue. The company also focuses over advertising of various media (Rowe and Wright 2001). Cambridge group also intend to have heavy components of personal selling in the market ing. Therefore, they intend to actively participate in personal relationship with customers and have strategic allies by keeping abreast of the requirements (Rowe and Wright 2001). Long-Term Objectives 1. Profit- To create the sufficient profit in order to attain future growth and to offer resources for attaining the objectives of the organization. It is expected that the net profits will be 45% of the total sale in first year (Schwenk and Shrader 1993). 2. Growth- In order to expand the business in the manageable and challenging, the company needs to lead in the market of adaptability and innovation (Schwenk and Shrader 1993). 3. Citizenship- in order to social asset and intellectual towards the environment and community, the company need to contribute around 5 hours each week and work as volunteer, by also contributing 5% in charity from pretax profits (Schwenk and Shrader 1993). Generic and Grand Strategies Value Proposition For all the small as well as emerging business that are looking for the opportunities in order to enhance the chances for attaining success, Cambridge group tries to design services that could enhance the execution of business (Shane 2003). Just like the traditional management consultancy company, this focuses over supporting the huge clients exploring problems, this company stress over working with the small businesses in order to implement the concrete, short-term actions that will be designed for moving the business in correct direction (Shane 2003). Market options The present drives and stress over the government over industrial base diversification away through the mineral sector, by presenting the opportunities for Cambridge group to give their contribution for attaining the goal (Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland 1999). This could even result into the implementation of techniques of market research and knowledge transfer. Through undertaking the comprehensive research, it is realized that there was a requirement for attaining specialized firm for market research, which stress over producing the report of market research that is tailored towards the needs of client (Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland 1999). Company Scope Through placing the company together, it is required to attempt to offer services, which permits to demand through clients (Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland 1999). However, it is noted that economics has offered us with the opportunities for the small business in which customers demand exist. The most significant factor is to develop the future services towards needs of the market (Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland 1999). Our understanding towards the requirement of target market segment is the competitive benefits. It is quite critical to effort towards developing the correct new services (Stewart, Watson, Carland and Carland 1999). Short-term objectives The business strategy of the company move around the requirement to offer quality data related to different targeted customers in the process of satisfying their requirements (Venkataraman 1997). This might undertake by the recruitment of the marketing research professionals and the team of business consultancy, along with production of quality reports that will be designed for catering the needs of the customers (Venkataraman 1997). These proposals might be professionally designed and reflect about the companies intended reputation and image. The company might also positive itself as the provider of quality service, which strives towards offering the relevancy, accuracy as well as particular information (Venkataraman 1997). The company also intends to set up the rapport with every appropriate agency of government and private institutions that might refer to the aspiring entrepreneurs (Venkataraman 1997). Functional tactics Human resources- Cambridge group needs a high knowledge level, expertise as well as analytical ability that implies it would not be easy to leverage in the similar consulting organization in which the partners could run the business and increase the sales that relates to it (Wilkinson 1987). Marketing- the company interact with Key venture capitals, small business resources, as well as small business founders in the area of business resources (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001). The company also makes its clients through relationship and local newspapers. The company also takes part in local chamber of commerce that support in enhancing the exposure (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001). In every type of communication, Cambridge group tries to constantly reinforce our differential benefits: Stress over supporting the small business in moving in correct direction Actionable, business strategy as well short term marketing (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001) Create domestic presence through reducing cost Policies that empower action In the present time we are experiencing the rapid increase in the economy, and the same has been brought through various other things, like the foreign exchange policies relaxation and the macroeconomic policies that are actually geared by the overseas investors in the country (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001). The monetary and fiscal policies of the government are also geared towards maintaining the economic growth along with the social justice, which contribute towards this and the same is evidence through the economy average growth rate of around 7% since the year 1990 and is high in global standards (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001). The present focus of the government over industrial diversification is away through the mineral sector, which creates and opportunity for Cambridge group in order to give contribution in attaining the goal (Bassellier, Reich and Benbasat 2001). Strategic Control and Continuous Improvement The domestic market of the consultancy is increasing at steadily rate in the last few years. By keeping this in mind, the company intends towards their marketing programs and expands the business accordingly (Busenitz and Lau 1996). The quality sales and marketing introduction tries to enable Cambridge group towards effective market and towards potential customers through the positive impression and images (Busenitz and Lau 1996). The company has projected the sales to rise, as the company continues towards setting the reputation, mainly in the area of market research. With the time over the internet and the local participation and regional trade and conferences, it is depicted that main milestones is to expand the sale and potential of marketing by using the new channels and exploring the potential customers (Busenitz and Lau 1996). Whole year, the company intends to follow regular evaluation of the marketing and business programs in order to ensure that the company line with intend ed objectives (Busenitz and Lau 1996). Cambridge group will start setting up the alliances with the reliable as well as reputed suppliers (Busenitz and Lau 1996). The company will also prepare the sales report about in-house through the help of reputed organizational agency. The company also intend towards getting engage with the services of qualified consultants (Busenitz and Lau 1996). Conclusion It can be concluded that for the new venture, it is important to conduct market research and explore the challenges and benefits lying in that sector. This research is also helpful in knowing the strategic analysis of the company. The company has also set up its long term and short term objectives that will clear the vision of the company and initiate them to take appropriate actions, so that company could achieve its goals. The company has also included about implementation actions that will help in understanding how the strategies will be implemented and help the future researchers. References Bassellier, G., Reich, B. H., and Benbasat, I. 2001. Information technology competence of business managers: A definition and research model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(4), pp. 159-182. Bird, B., and Jelinek, M. 1988. The operation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 13(2), pp. 21-29. Bracker, J. S., and Pearson, J. N. 1986. Planning and financial performance of small, mature firms. Strategic Management Journal, 7(6), pp. 503-522. Burke, L. A., and Miller, M. K. 1999. Taking the mystery out of intuitive decision making. Academy of Management Executive, 13, pp. 91-99. Busenitz, L., and Barney, J. 1997. Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing, (12), pp. 930. Busenitz, L., and Lau, C. 1996. A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), pp. 2539. Bygrave, W., and Timmons, J. 1991. Venture and risk capital: Practice and performance, promises and policy. Boston, Harvard Business School Press. Carswell, P., and Gunaratne, K. A. 2005. Exploring the role of entrepreneurial characteristics in determining the economic growth potential of an innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 5(5, 6), pp. 1-441. Castrogiovanni, G. J. 1996. Pre-startup planning and the survival of new small businesses: Theoretical linkages. Journal of Management, 22(6), pp. 801-823. Delmar, F., and Shane, S. 2003. Does business planning facilitate the development of new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 24(12), pp. 1165-1185. Gumpert, D. E., and Stancill, J. M. 1986. How much money does your new venture need? Harvard Business Review, 64(3), pp. 122-139. Hammond, J. S., Keeney, R. L., and Raiffa, H. 2002. Smart choices: a practical guide to making better decisions (1 ed.). New York, N.Y.: Broadway Books. Morwitz, V. G. 2001. Methods for forecasting from intentions data. In J. S. Armstrong (Ed.), Principles of forecasting: A handbook for researches and practitioners (pp. 33-56). Boston, Mass.: Kluwer. Pettit, R. R., and Singer, R. F. 1985. Small business finance: A research agenda. Financial Management, 14(3), pp. 47-60. Rowe, G., and Wright, G. 2001. Expert opinions in forecasting: The role of the delphi technique. In J. S. Armstrong (Ed.), Principles of forecasting: A handbook for researches and practitioners (pp. 125-144). Boston, Mass.: Kluwer. Schwenk, C. B., and Shrader, C. B. 1993. Effects of formal strategic planning on financial performance in small firms: A meta-analysis. Entrepreneurship: Theory Practice, 17(3), pp. 53-64. Shane, S. 2003. A general theory of entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Stewart, W. H., Watson, W. E., Carland, J. C., and Carland, J. W. 1999. A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), pp. 189-214. Venkataraman, S. 1997. The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor's perspective. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Wilkinson, J. W. 1987. Effective financial planning model. Journal of Systems Management, 38(6), pp. 6-10.

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Grendel And Beowulf The epic poem Beowulf tells of an evil, mysterious, and ravishing creature named Grendel. Although no precise concrete descriptions or visual references were given to me throughout the story, I was able to formulate my own personal opinion of what this horrifying beast may have looked like. The amoral, despised, and feared Grendel was a colossal, muscular beast capable of ripping any human man to shreds. His razor sharp teeth and pointy horns were ideal for tearing and gnawing unsuspecting inebriated men that slept through the night in Herot Hall. His muscular build, extensive thorny tail, and mammoth size were also key factors that struck fear in the hearts of anyone who had heard about or saw this vile creature. After a long and worrisome night, the awaking Hrothgar, king of the Danes, would more than likely be greeted with the remnants of Danish warriors that had spent their last night in glittering, golden towers of Herot Hall. Grendel, pleased with his midnight feeding, would have already retreated back to the moor under the misty hills from which the savage beast had come. Grendel lived with his mother in an cave under a mucky, sickening, horrifying swamp. As I have depicted in my drawing, the towering beast has awoken from his slumber and is preparing to step into the murky waters of the swamp to begin his perilous journey to the surface. Once he arrived at the top, the blood thirsty walker of darkness would again be on his way to indulging in more human flesh. This gruesome immoral act took place for more than 12 long years, until ultimately one night Grendel encountered his inevitable fate when he was confronted by the eminent warrior Beowulf!

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Perception Du Risque Et Intention French Essay La faible absorption par les Economies en Dà ©veloppement des ressources humaines qualifià ©es renforce le dà ©bat sur la nà ©cessità © de favoriser linsertion des jeunes par des initiatives autres que le travail salarià © ou le fonctionnariat. Diffà ©rentes initiatives sont prises allant jusquà   la crà ©ation des fonds dinsertion des jeunes par la mise à   disposition des crà ©dits de dà ©marrage et des structures daccompagnement. Malgrà © ces initiatives incitatives, beaucoup de jeunes ne sont pas candidats. Quelles sont les raisons possibles de cette rà ©ticence? une faible culture entrepreneuriale de ces jeunes ou une perception-menace du risque? une faible prà ©fà ©rence au risque? la perception du risque a-t-elle une influence sur leur prà ©disposition future à   crà ©er leurs propres entreprises? Cette recherche tente de rà ©pondre à   ces questions à   partir dune à ©tude de terrain menà ©e auprà ¨s de 500 à ©tudiants de cinq filià ¨res de formation. Mots clà ©s: Entrepreneuriat, Perception du risque, Prà ©fà ©rence au risque, intention entrepreneuriale Perception du risque et intention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants: une recherche comparative entre à ©tudiants en commerceet dautres formations universitaires au Bà ©nin RESUME La faible absorption par les Economies en Dà ©veloppement des ressources humaines qualifià ©es renforce le dà ©bat sur la nà ©cessità © de favoriser linsertion des jeunes par des initiatives autres que le travail salarià © ou le fonctionnariat. Diffà ©rentes initiatives sont prises allant jusquà   la crà ©ation des fonds dinsertion des jeunes par la mise à   disposition des crà ©dits de dà ©marrage et des structures daccompagnement. Malgrà © ces initiatives incitatives, beaucoup de jeunes ne sont pas candidats. Quelles sont les raisons possibles de cette rà ©ticence? une faible culture entrepreneuriale de ces jeunes ou une perception-menace du risque? une faible prà ©fà ©rence au risque? la perception du risque a-t-elle une influence sur leur prà ©disposition future à   crà ©er leurs propres entreprises? Cette recherche tente de rà ©pondre à   ces questions à   partir dune à ©tude de terrain menà ©e auprà ¨s de 500 à ©tudiants de cinq filià ¨res de formation. Mots clà ©s: Entrepreneuriat, Perception du risque, Prà ©fà ©rence au risque, intention entrepreneuriale Introduction Le dà ©veloppement du systà ¨me à ©ducatif à   travers la multiplication et la diversification des offres de formation permet aux nations de se doter des ressources humaines qualifià ©es pour animer divers secteurs de la vie à ©conomique et sociale. En consà ©quence chaque annà ©e, ce sont des milliers de jeunes diplà ´mà ©s qui sont libà ©rà ©s de nos università ©s et divers centres de formation pour à ªtre  «versà ©s » sur le marchà © de lemploi. Malheureusement sur ce marchà ©, le permanent dà ©sà ©quilibre qui existe entre loffre et la demande contraint gà ©nà ©ralement le surplus de demandeurs demploi au chà ´mage. Toute jeunesse à   travers le monde et en particulier celle des pays pauvres dAfrique est gà ©nà ©ralement victime de tels dà ©sà ©quilibres socio-à ©conomiques et professionnels. Face à   cette situation, les jeunes diplà ´mà ©s se comportement diffà ©remment selon les pays afin de soffrir des opportunità ©s de rà ©ussite dans le urs vies professionnelles privà ©es. Si dans les pays dà ©veloppà ©s, on note un cadre stimulant à   linitiative privà ©e, cest le cas contraire en Afrique. En effet, pour les contextes dà ©veloppà ©s, Hernandez (2006) souligne que face aux difficiles contraintes de la socià ©tà © postmoderne, sinvestir dans son propre projet professionnel, dans la crà ©ation de sa propre organisation, peut à ªtre vu comme une faà §on de redonner du sens à   une vie qui en manque de plus en plus. En Afrique, trà ¨s peu dentre eux arrivent à   prendre des initiatives personnelles pour crà ©er leur propre entreprise. Les quelques uns qui parviennent à   initier ont tendance à   imiter exactement ce qui se fait dà ©jà   sur le marchà ©, une attitude contraire à   ce qui caractà ©rise lentrepreneur dans la tradition Schumpetà ©rienne et rappelà © par Fonrouge (2008): lentrepreneur est celui qui propose de nouvelles combinaisons de produit et/ou manià ¨res de faire, donc un inno vateur. Pour la majorità © dentre eux en Afrique, cest la logique de  «lemploi à   tout prix »[1] (Sogbossi, 2005). Cest ainsi que par exemple au Bà ©nin, un phà ©nomà ¨ne connu gà ©nà ©ralement sous le nom de  «vacation » a vu le jour. Il consiste pour les jeunes cadres sortis des università ©s à   prendre dassaut les à ©tablissements denseignements secondaires pour y donner des cours dans lespoir du mieux. Sil est vrai que ce phà ©nomà ¨ne contribue fortement à   combler le dà ©ficit trop criard denseignants dans ces à ©tablissements, il nen demeure pas moins vrai que cela constitue un và ©ritable manque à   gagner aussi bien pour ces jeunes que pour tout le pays en gà ©nà ©ral. Malgrà © leurs formations qui font deux des gestionnaires, des à ©conomistes, des sociologues, des juristes etc., ces jeunes sont obligà ©s de donner des cours de Mathà ©matiques, de Sciences Physiques et Chimiques, de Biologies, de Franà §ais, dAnglais etc. dautres par contre finissent par regagner des professions militaires et paramilitaires afin de se garantir un emploi dà ©finitif. Cest donc dire que ces jeunes cherchent essentiellement à   soffrir un emploi salarià ©. Ils sont prà ªts à   tout sauf la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Ils sont presque tous obsà ©dà ©s par lidà ©e de gagner un emploi salarià © que lon est tentà © de conclure quils ont une aversion pour lentrepreneuriat. Cette situation contraste avec les conclusions de Hetezel (2006) pour les pays dà ©veloppà ©s. Dans son rapport, cet auteur souligne la forte tendance des jeunes à   entreprendre en donnant lexemple du passage chaque annà ©e de 8000 jeunes diplà ´mà ©s environ de lenseignement supà ƒ ©rieur du statut dà ©tudiant à   celui de crà ©ateur ou repreneur. Hernandez (2006) explique cette forte propension à   crà ©er par le fait que lindividu dà ©sorientà © dans sa vie privà ©e comme dans sa vie professionnelle, est en quà ªte de sens. Cest lune des raisons pour lesquelles lentrepreneuriat est aujourdhui devenu un enjeu important pour plusieurs nations. Basso (2005) explique cet enjeu par le fait que là ©mergence dun avenir radicalement non prà ©visible appelle la nà ©cessità © dune nouvelle posture volontariste, qui cherchera à   maà ®triser le risque en construisant son propre destin. En expliquant les facteurs dexistence de lentrepreneuriat chez les migrants maliens et sà ©nà ©galais en France, Dieng (2000) fait ressortir que la raretà © de lemploi, les difficultà ©s et la volontà © dune meilleure insertion à ©conomique et sociale entraà ®nent le dà ©veloppement de lentrepreneuriat chez ceux-ci. Il apparaà ®t alors que la capacità © des nouvelles entreprises à   gà ©nà ©rer de la croissance à ©conomique, des emplois et de linnovation justifie dailleurs amplement lintà ©rà ªt quelles suscitent. Devant cet enjeu, les milieux universitaires sont amenà ©s à   jouer un rà ´le de plus en plus actif, notamment en offrant des formations et supports à   leurs à ©tudiants de faà §on à   rendre la carrià ¨re entrepreneuriale plus accessible. Cette implication des università ©s est dautant plus importante dans le contexte actuel de la nouvelle à ©conomie oà ¹ les à ©tudiants sont de plus en plus amenà ©s à   considà ©rer cette avenue profession nelle (Gasse et al. 2006). Si un grand nombres duniversità ©s dà ©veloppent activement leurs liens avec le monde professionnel à   travers la formation professionnelle continue, les sà ©minaires, les projets de recherche conjoints, †¦ (Dontriaux, 1992), trà ¨s peu dinitiatives similaires existent dans les pays sous-dà ©veloppà ©s. Dans un tel contexte de faible culture entrepreneuriale et donc peu incitatif, lentrepreneuriat peut apparaà ®tre pour les jeunes diplà ´mà ©s comme est un acte hautement risquà © quil faut sabstenir dembrasser si on ne dispose pas dimportants moyens financiers et matà ©riels, et dun soutien indà ©fectible de son entourage. Alors que la situation de pauvretà © amà ¨ne les populations à   se battre autrement, on sà ©tonne de lattitude des jeunes diplà ´mà ©s, une attitude axà ©e sur lattente dun emploi salarià © et la rà ©ticence à   la crà ©ation. Un tel à ©tat des choses suscite assez dinterrogations dont une a particulià ¨rement retenu notre attention:  ¶ comment les jeunes à ©tudiants bà ©ninois perà §oivent-ils le risque entrepreneurial et quelle est leur prà ©fà ©rence au risque? Par ailleurs, Lentrepreneuriat entendu au sens strict comme une actività © crà ©atrice de nouvelles organisations, est considà ©rà © comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne producteur demploi et de richesse. Malheureusement, force est de constater que pour la jeunesse, lidà ©e dentrepreneuriat est source dune peur nourrie par la crainte de là ©chec. La crà ©ation dune entreprise, aussi passionnante quelle puisse paraà ®tre, comporte à ©galement des risques à ©normes. Par consà ©quent, elle ne saurait à ªtre une improvisation de la part de son auteur, mais plutà ´t le fruit dune intention nourrie auparavant de rà ©flexions et danalyses profondes. Dà ¨s lors, quelle est lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation? Enfin, en dehors de la perception du risque, des à ©tudes ont dà ©montrà © que les prà ©dispositions entrepreneuriales sont le fruit de plusieurs facteurs: les facteurs denvironnement (là ©volution des personnes dans des milieux donnà ©s) et les facteurs individuels (les promoteurs dentreprise possà ¨dent certaines caractà ©ristiques particulià ¨res). Gasse (2003) explique par exemple que la dà ©cision dentreprendre repose sur trois dimensionsfondamentales: la dà ©sirabilità ©[2], la faisabilità © perà §ue, la crà ©ation (les moyens). Lentrepreneuriat à ©tant avant tout une faà §on dà ªtre, un style de vie, la dà ©sirabilità © est influencà ©e par la famille et les proches, le milieu immà ©diat, le profil psychologique, lexpà ©rience, là ¢ge, le niveau dinstruction et de compà ©tence, le type de formation . Cest donc dire que le goà »t pour lentrepreneuriat peut à ªtre lià © au type de formation. Ainsi, Est-ce que la filià ¨re de formation des à ©tudiant s a-t-elle une influence sur leur intention entrepreneuriale? A travers ces questions, lobjectif gà ©nà ©ral de cette recherche est danalyser la perception du risque et lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation. Dans un contexte oà ¹ la notion traditionnelle demploi est remplacà ©e par le concept de portefeuille dactività ©s que chacun gà ¨re pour son compte (Hernandez), cette rà ©flexion sur lentrepreneuriat des jeunes en labsence dà ©tudes empiriques dans le contexte bà ©ninois est dun intà ©rà ªt rà ©el. Elle est structurà ©e en quatre parties: la partie thà ©orique, la mà ©thode utilisà ©e, les rà ©sultats et la conclusion. 1. Cadre conceptuel de la recherche Le terme  «entrepreneuriat »[3] est un terme trà ¨s large admis dans un sens individuel, collectif et pour lentreprise en entier. Cet à ©largissement de sens entraà ®ne ainsi, la multitude dacceptations quon retrouve dans la littà ©rature (Leger-Jarniou, 2008). En effet, procà ©dà © mis en place par des individus, lentrepreneuriat identifie de nouvelles opportunità ©s et les convertit en produits ou services commercialisables. Il est aussi laction de constituer une organisation et en particulier la crà ©ation dentreprise. Il recouvre lensemble des actività ©s rà ©elles quelque soit leur nature et susceptibles de procurer des gains futurs (Dieng, 2000). Pour Verstraete et Fayolle (2005), lentrepreneuriat est une  «initiative portà ©e par un individu (ou plusieurs individus sassociant pour loccasion) construisant ou saisissant une opportunità © daffaires (du moins ce qui est apprà ©cià © ou à ©valuà © comme tel) dont le profit nest pas forcà ©ment dordre pà ©cun iaire par limpulsion dune organisation pouvant faire naà ®tre une ou plusieurs entità ©s et crà ©ant de la valeur nouvelle (plus forte dans le cas dune innovation) pour des parties prenantes auxquelles le projet sadresse ». Lentrepreneuriat relie donc lindividu à   une opportunità ©[4], et cest justement dans ce sens que Brush et al. (2003) donneront une dà ©finition de lentrepreneuriat qui prendra en compte les deux notions: entrepreneur et opportunità ©. Pour eux, lentrepreneuriat est une discipline qui à ©tudie le processus par lequel les entrepreneurs identifient, explorent et exploitent une opportunità ©. Ainsi, lentrepreneur est souvent associà © à   la crà ©ation voire de faà §on rà ©solument synonymique (Verstraete, 2000). Ce dernier se rà ©serve, quant à   lui, de donner une dà ©finition de lentrepreneuriat; pour lui, cest un phà ©nomà ¨ne bien trop complexe pour à ªtre rà ©duit à   une simple dà ©finition. Il se rà ©sout à   en donner une plus large: ‘Lentrepreneuriat est un phà ©nomà ¨ne combinant un individu et une organisation, lun se dà ©finissant par rapport à   lautre et vice versa. Lengagement de cet individu dà ©pend de sa perception du risque lià © à   son initiative, une perception qui à   son tour dà ©terminera lintention entrepreneuriale. Ainsi, cette partie thà ©orique abordera successivement le risque entrepreneurial et lintention entrepreneuriale. 1.1 Le risque entrepreneurial et sa perception Pendant longtemps, les chercheurs en entrepreneuriat ont soutenu lidà ©e que crà ©er une entreprise est un comportement risquà ©. Fayolle et al. (2008) ont alors soulignà © que la volontà © à   prendre des risques ou la propension au risque à ©tait le trait de personnalità © qui discriminait les entrepreneurs des non-entrepreneurs. La prise de risque apparaà ®t ainsi comme lune des caractà ©ristiques distinctives du comportement entrepreneurial. Elle demeure au cÅ“ur des diffà ©rentes recherches qui ont abordà © lentrepreneur en ce sens que la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise ou la reprise dune existante est par dà ©finition une aventure tachà ©e de risques. Le risque est prà ©sent dans tout projet, quel que soit lactività © ou le secteur visà ©, il est une consà ©quence à ©vidente de lincertitude et de la contingence dans laquelle baigne chaque projet. Sa perception est alors admise comme un dà ©terminant du comportement entrepreneurial de lindividu. Cette perception a à ©tà © conceptualisà ©e dune manià ¨re gà ©nà ©rale comme une à ©valuation du risque par le dà ©cideur ou lacteur dans une situation donnà ©e. Ainsi, le risque est perà §u comme un dà ©terminant du comportement risquà © et de la prise de dà ©cision entrepreneuriale. Autrement dit, la perception du risque est prà ©sumà ©e à ªtre nà ©gativement associà ©e avec les comportements ou les dà ©cisions risquà ©es et lacte de crà ©ation dentreprise. Macgrimmon et Wehrung (1985) postulaient que «la prise de risque comprend deux composants: le degrà © de risque des situations et la volontà © des individus à   prendre des risques ». Limportance relative de ces à ©là ©ments[5] a à ©voluà © au cours du temps dans la littà ©rature en une autre dimension de perception du risque qui vient de la thà ©orie du comportement planifià © (Ajzen, 1991) et de ses applications dans la littà ©rature en entrepreneuriat. Dans cette thà ©orie, les intentions vis-à  -vis dun comportement donnà © sont dà ©terminà ©es par les attitudes vis-à  -vis du comportement, le degrà © de perception du contrà ´le de ce comportement et les normes subjectives lià ©s à   ce comportement. Ces normes expriment une certaine pression sociale qui est perà §ue par les individus et les poussent à   rà ©aliser le comportement ou à   ne pas le faire. Fayolle et al. (2008) sintà ©ressant aux perceptions du risque associà ©es à   la dà ©cision de crà ©ation dentreprise, ont trouvà © logique dinclure une dimension sociale à   leur à ©chelle de mesure du risque. Au-delà   de tout, dà ©marrer une nouvelle entreprise exige non seulement une capacità © financià ¨re et un engagement personnel, mais aussi un important soutien de la famille et des amis. Inversement, le faire peut avoir des consà ©quences positives et nà ©gatives pour ces deux groupes sociaux. Par ailleurs, le risque est le facteur clà © qui motive les entrepreneurs à   sengager dans le processus de crà ©ation et à ©galement le facteur qui dà ©courage les non-entrepreneurs. Pendant que les uns le perà §oivent comme une opportunità © à   saisir absolument, les autres le voient plutà ´t en termes de menace potentielle quil faut à ©viter. Plusieurs auteurs se sont intà ©ressà ©s à   ces deux aspects du risque entrepreneurial. Dabord une conceptualisation originale du risque entrepreneurial qui sà ©carte des modà ¨les traditionnels basà ©s sur la thà ©orie de lutilità © a à ©tà © prà ©sentà ©e par Dickson et Giglierano (1986). Dans leur modà ¨le, le risque entrepreneurial a deux composantes: le risque dà ©chec[6] et le risque de manquer une opportunità ©[7]. Dans la continuità © des travaux de Dickson et Giglierano, Fayolle et al. (2008) pensent aussi que le risque entrepreneurial est mieux conceptualisà © en termes de risque dà ©chec et de risque de manquer une bonne opportunità ©.En complà ©ment, ces auteurs suggà ¨rent dà ©tendre les idà ©es de Dickson et Giglierano en conceptualisant deux types de risque: Le risque comme une menace et le risque comme une opportunità © En tant que menace, le risque correspond à   la vision classique perà §u à   travers des pertes potentielles, limportance de ces pertes et lincertitude de ces pertes (Mullins et Forlani, 2005; Yates et Stone ,1992).Il correspond à ©galement à   la notion de risque dà ©chec ou  «Sinking the boat » dans lapproche de Dickson et Giglierano En tant quopportunità ©, le risque reprà ©sente la face opposà ©e du risque, perà §u à   travers des gains potentiels, leur importance et leur incertitude. Les gains potentiels sont, bien à ©videmment, la force motrice poussant les entrepreneurs à   agir. La conception du risque comme une opportunità © permet donc une meilleure comprà ©hension des facteurs qui motivent les entrepreneurs, en intà ©grant plus particulià ¨rement des notions telles que le sentiment de regret. Ce dà ©veloppement mà ¨ne à   la proposition suivante: H1: Les à ©tudiants en fin de formation perà §oivent le risque entrepreneurial comme une menace parce quils ont gà ©nà ©ralement peur dentreprendre et prà ©fà ¨rent pour la plupart poursuivre un emploi salarià ©. 1.2 Lintention Entrepreneuriale Le concept de lintention[8] entrepreneuriale a à ©tà © dà ©fini et expliquà © par plusieurs auteurs. Parmi eux, retrouvons Krueger et Carsrud (1993) qui dà ©finissent lintention entrepreneuriale comme une structure cognitive qui conclut les fins et les moyens. Partageant cet avis, Bird (1988) prà ©cise que «celle-ci reprà ©sente un processus cognitif qui naà ®t avec les motivations les besoins, les valeurs et les croyances ». Pour Grant (1996), lintention entrepreneuriale est dà ©finie par les jugements de lindividu sur la probabilità © de possà ©der sa propre entreprise. Ajzen(1991) quant à   lui dà ©finit lintention comme un  «indicateur » de la volontà © à   essayer, de leffort que lon est prà ªt à   consentir pour se comporter dune certaine faà §on. Tournà ©s (2006) souligne quelle est caractà ©risà ©e par la dà ©termination, la rà ©solution et la volontà ©. Au regard de ces dà ©finitions, on pourrait dà ©duire la place quoccupe lintention dans le processus entrepreneurial. En psychologie, lintention sest avà ©rà ©e ainsi à ªtre le meilleur moyen de prà ©voir un comportement planifià ©, particulià ¨rement lorsque ce comportement est rare et difficile à   observer. La crà ©ation dentreprise en est lexemple type dun tel comportement planifià © et intentionnelles. Selon les modà ¨les dintentions entrepreneuriales, lintention prà ©cà ¨de laction. En dehors des actes routiniers oà ¹ laction peut prà ©cà ©der lintention, un comportement intentionnel peut prà ©dire par lintention davoir un comportement donnà ©. Krueger et Carsrud (1993) en concluent que lintention entrepreneuriale a un rà ´le central dans le processus entrepreneurial parce quelle forme un à ©là ©ment de soutien des nouvelles entreprises. Mà ªme si les idà ©es daffaires naissent avec linspiration, Bird (op.cit.) fait remarquer quune attention et une intention soutenues sont nà ©cessaires pour les rendre manifestes. Elle prà ©cise que lintention entrepreneuriale oriente lexpà ©rience et laction vers lobjectif de crà ©ation dentreprise. Ainsi les intentions entrepreneuriales sont essentielles à   la comprà ©hension du processus gà ©nà ©ral dentrepreneuriat car elles à ©tablissent les caractà ©ristiques initiales des nouvelles organisations. Elle va plus loin pour conclure que lentrepreneuriat est un processus oà ¹ lintentionnalità © est centrale. Selon elle, là ©tude de lintention entrepreneuriale, fournit une voie avancà ©e de la recherche qui permet de dà ©passer les à ©tudes descriptives. Il ressort de ces dà ©veloppements que lintention permet de prà ©dire le comportement et par consà ©quent son à ©tude est trà ¨s indispensable pour expliquer le processus qui conduit à   la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Son intensità © et sa pertinence vont dà ©terminer toute la suite de la dà ©marche entrepreneuriale de lindividu. Doà ¹ notre proposition: H2: Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants en fin de formation est trà ¨s faible car trà ¨s peu dà ©tudiants ont la volontà © de crà ©er une entreprise à   lissue de leurs formations. 2. La mà ©thode utilisà ©e 2.1 Les participants Les à ©tudiants en fin de formation constituent la population de base de cette recherche. Il sagit des à ©tudiants des troisià ¨me (BAC+3) et quatrià ¨me (BAC+4) annà ©es des entità ©s de formation publique. Cinq domaines de formation sont concernà ©s : les sciences juridiques, lagronomie, la mà ©dà ©cine, là ©conomie et la gestion. 2.2 La mesure des variables Cette recherche porte sur trois variables: la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque, lintention entrepreneuriale La perception du risque entrepreneurial a à ©tà © mesurà ©e dans cette recherche grà ¢ce à   cinq (05) items adaptà ©s des travaux de Fayolle et al. (2008). La prà ©fà ©rence au risque des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © apprà ©cià ©e à   partir de cinq (05) items issus de lobservation et adaptà ©s de Weber et al. (2002). Considà ©rà ©e comme une volontà © individuelle et une libertà ©, lintention ou la volontà © est considà ©rà ©e par Hernandez (1999) comme le premier à ©là ©ment nà ©cessaire pour crà ©er une organisation. Elle rà ©flà ¨te lobjectif ou les objectifs du ou des crà ©ateur (s). Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © à ©valuà ©e sur deux dimensions : la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. La dà ©sirabilità © à   lentrepreneuriat des à ©tudiants a à ©tà © apprà ©cià ©e à   travers trois itemsadaptà ©s de Bird (1988). Les trois items demandaient aux à ©tudiants de se prononcer surla forte probabilità © de crà ©er une entreprise ou de poursuivre un emploi salarià © aprà ¨s les à ©tudes et ce quils pensent de leur chance de rà ©ussir dans la vie professionnelle en crà ©ant une entreprise. Afin de savoir ce que pensent les à ©tudiants de la faisabilità © de leurs intentions de crà ©er une entreprise, nous avons à ©galement retenu trois items. Ces items demandaient aux à ©tudiants de se prononcer sur la facilità © pour eux de devenir crà ©ateurs dentreprise ou de trouver un emploi salarial et sils pensent avoir un contrà ´le parfait de la situation en tant que crà ©ateur dentreprise. 2.3 Les principales à ©tapes de la recherche Cette recherche a dà ©marrà © par une observation du comportement entrepreneurial des à ©tudiants pendant et aprà ¨s leur formation. Cette observation nous a permis de nous rendre compte que malgrà © le taux du chà ´mage croissant, trà ¨s peu dà ©tudiants sengagent dans lentrepreneuriat. Les constats de cette observation ont nourri lidà ©e de la prà ©sente recherche qui repose sur trois variables. Ils ont aussi permis dà ©laborer quelques items et dadapter ceux issus de la littà ©rature. La mesure de ces variables a à ©tà © faite sur la base dun questionnaire denquà ªtes quantitatives. Structurà © à   base dà ©chelle dattitude, ce questionnaire est composà © dun ensemble de dix huit (18) items et rà ©partis en trois dimensions : la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque, lintention entrepreneuriale à   travers la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. La partie identification de lenquà ªtà © concerne le domaine dà ©tude, là ¢ge, le sexe, le contact et la prà ©sence dentrepreneur dans la famille des rà ©pondants. Dans le but de và ©rifier la comprà ©hension et la cohà ©rence des items, un prà ©-test a à ©tà © effectuà © auprà ¨s dune dizaine dà ©tudiants. Deux items ont à ©tà © à ©liminà ©s et cinq autres reformulà ©s. Limportance de chaque item a à ©tà © à ©valuà ©e sur une à ©chelle de type Likert à   quatre points variant de 1 à   4:  «Pas daccord »,  «Ne sais pas », un peu daccord et  «daccord. Par ailleurs, comme recommandà ©s par Smith et Blackbum (1988) et Aupperle et al. (1985), les proprià ©tà ©s psychomà ©triques de validità © et dintà ©grità © du questionnaire ont à ©tà © examinà ©es. Linstrument sest rà ©và ©là © robuste avec le coefficient alpha dintà ©grità © de CrombachS à ©gal à   0,79. En tenant compte de la taille des à ©tudiants en fin de formation des cinq entità ©s[9] de formation dont les filià ¨res sont concernà ©es par la prà ©sente recherche, la taille n de là ©chantillon a à ©tà © obtenue grà ¢ce à   la formule ci-aprà ¨s: n ≠¥ [tÃŽ ±2 p (1-p) ]/e2 p est le pourcentage dà ©tudiants en fin de formation , p = 15% et q = (1-p); e la marge derreur (ici nous retenons e = 5%); tÃŽ ± la valeur de la loi de Student au seuil ÃŽ ±; ÃŽ ± le seuil de confiance recherchà © (pour ÃŽ ± = 95%, tÃŽ ± = 1,96) n= (1,96)2Ãâ€"0,15Ãâ€"0,85/(0,05)2 Soit n= 196 à ©tudiants. Mais nous avons retenu cinq cent (500) à ©tudiants. Ces à ©tudiants interrogà ©s sont de la tranche dà ¢ge 22 à   29 ans avec une forte dominance des individus du sexe masculin qui sont au nombre de 404 à ©tudiants (soit 80,80%) contre seulement 96 à ©tudiantes (soit 19,20%). Par ailleurs, 64,80% des interrogà ©s nont aucun parent crà ©ateur dentreprisealors que 21,20% ont un seul parent crà ©ateur et 14% affirme avoir plusieurs parents crà ©ateurs dentreprises. Le tableau n °1, nous prà ©sente la rà ©partition des enquà ªtà ©s suivant les diffà ©rentes filià ¨res de formation. Tableau n °1 Rà ©partition des enquà ªtà ©s par filià ¨re de formation Filià ¨res de formation Effectifs Frà ©quences Agronomie 92 18,40% Droit 74 14,80% Economie 156 31,20% Gestion 130 26% Mà ©decine 48 9,60% Total 500 100% La mà ©thode dà ©chantillonnage retenue est celle non probabiliste, prà ©cisà ©ment la mà ©thode de convenance. Nous avons choisi la mà ©thode non probabiliste en raison des difficultà ©s dexploitation de la liste officielle des à ©tudiants notamment labsence de coordonnà ©es prà ©cises pouvant permettre leur identification. Le questionnaire a à ©tà © administrà © face à   face. Quant à   lanalyse des donnà ©es, les rà ©sultats lià ©s au risque perà §u, à   la prà ©fà ©rence au risque et à   lintention entreprneuriale ont fait lobjet de calcul de score. Quant à   linfluence de la filià ¨re dà ©tude sur lintention, un test de khi-deux a à ©tà © effectuà ©. 3. Les rà ©sultats de la recherche Les principaux rà ©sultats de notre recherche porteront successivement sur la perception du risque entrepreneurial, la prà ©fà ©rence au risque et lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants. 3.1 Perception du risque entrepreneurial Les rà ©sultats obtenus sont consignà ©s dans le tableau n °2. Tableau n °2: La perception du risque entrepreneurial par les à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Lorsquon crà ©e une nouvelle entreprise les probabilità ©s de faillite sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es 152 (30,40%) 236 (47,20%) 112 (22,40%) 500(100%) Dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise, les possibilità ©s de gagner beaucoup dargent sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es 144 (28,80%) 254 (50,80%) 102 (20,40%) 500 (100%) Si jà ©chouais dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise, je perdrais mon honneur 270 54% 118 23,60% 112 22,40% 500 100% Toute idà ©e dentreprise comporte des risques; je vois cela comme une opportunità © 52 (10,40%) 02 (0,40%) 88 (17,60%) 358 (71,60%) 500 (100%) En rà ©sumà ©, je vois loption de crà ©er une nouvelle entreprise comme une chose positive 10 (2%) 04 (0,80%) 64 (12,80%) 422 (84,40%) 500 (100%) Source: Rà ©sultats des enquà ªtes, juin 2009 47,20% des à ©tudiants admettent quelque peu que les probabilità ©s de faillite des nouvelles entreprises sont trà ¨s à ©levà ©es, contre 22,40% qui ladmettent entià ¨rement. Ces rà ©sultats sont sensiblement voisins à   ceux recueillis à   propos des possibilità ©s de gagner beaucoup dargent dans la crà ©ation dune entreprise. Par contre, 54% dentre eux nadmettent pas quon pourrait perdre son honneur suite à   un à ©chec dans la crà ©ation dune nouvelle entreprise. La quasi-totalità © soit respectivement 71,60% et 84,40% est entià ¨rement daccord que le risque entrepreneurial est une opportunità © et la crà ©ation dune entreprise, une initiative positive. 3.2 Prà ©fà ©rence au risque Les rà ©sultats sont rà ©sumà ©s dans le tableau n °3 Tableau n °3: Lapprà ©ciation de prà ©fà ©rence au risque des à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Entre crà ©er mon entreprise et à ªtre salarià ©, je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise 38 7,60% 28 5,60% 98 19,60% 324 64,80% 500 100% Entre crà ©er mon entreprise et à ªtre salarià ©, je prà ©fà ¨re à ªtre salarià ©. 288 (57,60%) 34 (6,80%) 130 (26%) 48 (9,60%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise car cela me rend indà ©pendant 40 (8%) 18 (3,60%) 98 (19,60%) 144 (28,80%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re à ªtre salarià © car cela me garantie lemploi 216 (43,20%) 22 (4,40%) 162 (32,40%) 100 (20%) 500 (100%) Je prà ©fà ¨re crà ©er mon entreprise car je peux y gagner beaucoup dargent 48 (9,60%) 20 (4%) 184 (36,80%) 248 (49,60%) 500 (100%) Source: Rà ©sultats des enquà ªtes, Juin 2009 Ici, la prà ©fà ©rence à   lentrepreneuriat a à ©tà © exprimà ©e à   64,80% contre seulement 9,60% pour lemploi salarià ©. On remarque à ©galement que 43,20% des rà ©pondants ne sont pas daccord pour la garantie de lemploi comme raison pour la prà ©fà ©rence à   lemploi salarià ©. Or 49,60% prà ©fà ¨rent lentrepreneuriat parce quils espà ¨rent y gagner beaucoup dargent. 3.3 Lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants Nous avons à ©valuà © lintention entrepreneuriale des à ©tudiants sous deux aspects: la perception de la dà ©sirabilità © et la perception de la faisabilità ©. Les tableaux 4 et 5 portent respectivement sur chacune de ces dimensions. Tableau n °4: La perception de la dà ©sirabilità © par les à ©tudiants Items Pas daccord Ne sais pas Un peu daccord Daccord TOTAUX Aprà ¨s mes à ©tudes, la probabilità © que je crà ©e mon entreprise est trà ¨s forte 66 (13,20%) 92 (18,40%) 156 1,20% 186 (37,20%) 500 (100%) Aprà ¨s mes à ©tudes, la probabilità © que je poursuive une carrià ¨re de salarià © est tr

Platos Allegory of the Cave - Its Importance in Todays World Essay

Plato's Allegory of the Cave - It's Importance in Today's World Our society so values education that sociologists have recognized the problem of "over-education" (Hadjicostandi). Many people are spending years pursuing degrees which they simply do not need for the jobs they perform. It is therefore prudent for students to question whether pursuing a liberal education is really as important as our society believes. What is the point of a college education? Does it have any purpose beyond its material benefits. Are these benefits worth their cost? These are important questions that need answering. In the end, we may see that there is far more to this debate than simple accounting. Perhaps what makes education worth pursuing is that it gives us the freedom to makes these kinds of decisions about what is best for us. In many ways, this debate over education has its roots in the writings of Plato (Jowett). In Book VII of The Republic, Plato discusses such topics as enlightenment, epistemology, forms, and the duties of philosophers. The rhetorical styles which he employ are those of the dialogue and the allegory. The dialogue takes the form of a discussion between Socrates and Glaucon, while the allegory serves as a concrete illustration of the abstract ideas which Plato talks about (Jacobus, 444). Let us examine this "Allegory of the Cave" in more detail. In it, Plato asks the reader to imagine human beings living in an underground den. [where] they have been from childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and [there is] a low wall. [with] men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues a... ...nough to catch a glimpse of the light shinning at the mouth of the cave. When he has once seen the light, he will immediately embark upon a lifelong journey to reach it. Works Cited Hadjicostandi, Joanna. Module 13: Education and Medicine. Introduction to Sociology. 1 May, 2006. . Jacobus, Lee A. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. 2006. Plato. The Apology of Socrates. The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 2 May, 2006. . Plato. The Republic. Trans. Jowett, Benjamin. Cleveland, Ohio: 1946. Plato. 2006. Wikimedia. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. . Plato's Allegory of the Cave. 2006 Reference.com. Retrieved 1 May, 2006. . The Matrix. Dir. The Wachowski Brothers. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Lawrence Fishburne. 20th Century Fox, 1991. Thoreau, Henry D. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition. Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. 2006.